¿Qué es el FMI? El gendarme mundial de las finanzas

Con la decadencia de Gran Bretaña como potencia hegemónica del imperialismo mundial, la primera mitad del siglo XX estuvo cruzada por la disputa de quién sería su reemplazo; los Estados Unidos o Alemania.

Las dos guerras mundiales, con la consiguiente desaparición física de decenas y decenas de millones de personas, les dieron la primacía indiscutida a los yanquis. La nueva hegemonía mundial fue consagrada “institucionalmente” con la creación de tres organismos: el FMI, el Banco Mundial y el apéndice de los dos primeros, la ONU.

Bretton Woods

A la salida de la guerra, EEUU representaba alrededor del 50% del PBI mundial. Este solo dato es suficiente, más que suficiente, para entender cómo logró imponer su indiscutible predominio. Por supuesto que esta escalofriante cifra se debe tanto al desarrollo propio de la economía estadounidense como al completo derrumbe de Europa, destruida por la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con sus principales potencias (las viejas dueñas del mundo, Gran Bretaña, Francia, Alemania) absolutamente agotadas.

Así, en el complejo hotelero de Bretton Woods, los funcionarios de la administración Roosevelt sentaron en 1944 a sus aliados a negociar las condiciones de su sometimiento y, de paso, el del resto del mundo.

El primer “acuerdo”, llamado así eufemísticamente para no decir “imposición incondicional”, fue la transformación del dólar en la moneda mundial por excelencia. Ni siquiera la libra esterlina llegó a tener semejante peso. Hasta el momento, todas las monedas nacionales debían perder su carácter local para medirse con la mercancía de intercambio internacional sin fronteras: el oro. Formalmente lo siguieron haciendo algunas décadas más (hasta la crisis del dólar con la guerra de Vietnam), pero nadie importaba o exportaba sin pasar por el billete verde.

A los viejos y orgullosos europeos no les quedó otra opción que aceptar esta nueva realidad, morderse los labios y callar debido a las condiciones económicas de la posguerra. El “Plan Marshall” estaba en plena marcha. Este plan fue el rescate de los EEUU a las potencias exhaustas por la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con préstamos de miles de millones de dólares para la reconstrucción de todo lo destruido durante seis años de catástrofe. Ingleses, franceses y alemanes, para su reconstrucción, debieron así aceptar dinero a Norteamérica para a su vez comprar todo lo necesario a su propio acreedor. ¡Todo un negocio! Vender lo que uno produce con dinero que uno mismo prestó con sus correspondientes intereses. Las economías europeas vieron así inundadas sus arterias por fuerte y joven sangre verde. Ni hablar del resto del mundo.

Lo que fue “de facto” se hizo también “de derecho”, los acuerdos establecieron el patrón 1 onza de oro=35 dólares, transformando a la moneda yanqui en la referencia con la que debían medirse todas las demás. Se conformaron allí también dos grandes organizaciones financieras supranacionales creadas para velar por este nuevo orden: el Banco Mundial y el FMI, ambas con sede en la capital estadounidense. Porque Dios está en todos lados, pero atiende en Washington.

El FMI fue creado así como entidad supuestamente independiente. Como su nombre indica, es un “fondo” al que aportan los Estados miembro para “ayudar” a “sostener su estabilidad cambiaria” frente a eventuales crisis. En los rudos hechos, es una correa de transmisión de la política económica de los Estados Unidos a los países dependientes.

La representación en sus órganos directivos está diseñada en proporción al tamaño de la economía de cada país y el aporte inicial que hacen al momento de la creación del “fondo”. Entonces, los EEUU tenían el 31% de los votos… siendo necesario el 85% para cualquier decisión importante, ese porcentaje les da poder de veto absoluto. Para que quede clara la completa primacía de Washington, a ese peso porcentual le seguía el de los británicos con apenas un 14%.

Si no sabrán hacer negocios los yanquis que crean un organismo con el que pueden imponer la orientación que quieran a cualquier país al que le presten plata, lo hacen disponiendo de los fondos de otros países y, además, instalan que semejante cosa es lo más democrático que pueda haber o, en términos macristas, algo “que hacemos entre todos”.

El camino al infierno está empedrado de buenas intenciones

Los reyes “por la gracia de Dios”, los británicos “por la civilización”, los españoles “por la santa fe cristiana”, los nazis “por la patria”, el FMI “por la cooperación económica internacional”, los Estados Unidos “por la gracia de Dios, por la civilización, por la santa fe cristiana, por la patria y por la cooperación económica internacional”, cada forma de dominación ha tenido siempre su respectiva presentación marketinera para guardar las apariencias. El Fondo Monetario Internacional tiene también, por supuesto, un ropero entero de disfraces de cordero.

Según su página oficial, sus objetivos son:

“Fomentar la cooperación monetaria internacional.

Facilitar la expansión y el crecimiento equilibrado del comercio internacional.

Fomentar la estabilidad cambiaria.

Coadyuvar a establecer un sistema multilateral de pagos.

Poner (con las garantías adecuadas) recursos a disposición de los países miembros que experimentan desequilibrios de sus balanzas de pagos.”

¿No suena bonito? Es interesante como en un texto escrito lo más importante puede estar ubicado gramaticalmente en un lugar muy subordinado, concretamente entre paréntesis: “(con las garantías adecuadas)”. El FMI, como cualquier otra entidad financiera digna de tal nombre, jamás ha dado ningún préstamo ni ayuda sin tales “garantías” políticas y económicas. Nadie presta nada sin estar seguro de que va a ser devuelto, menos lo hará gente tan inteligente como la que dirige el Fondo Monetario Internacional.

En general, las garantías que exige siempre son, como hemos dicho, de dos tipos: la económica, que garantiza que el dinero será devuelto; las políticas, que dan seguridad del cómo se obtendrán para ser devueltos. Lamentamos decepcionar a los ensoñadores que crean sinceramente en la cooperación económica internacional, pero el oro tiene un frío corazón metálico.

Una historia negra de sometimiento y crisis

Curiosamente, el acuerdo de Argentina con el FMI del 2018 tiene un contenido simbólico (aparte del material) más importante del que se puede creer a primera vista. La crisis argentina de fines de los 90 y principios de los 2000 fue la impactante foto del rostro del FMI como el despiadado acreedor que es.

Entre 1976 y 1982, el FMI tuvo varios hombres de confianza en los gabinetes militares, entre los que se destacan José Martínez de Hoz como ministro de Economía y Adolfo Diz y Domingo Cavallo como directores del Banco Central. El Fondo se mostró muy generoso con sus agentes argentinos, entregando en total alrededor de 500 millones de dólares en préstamos en el primer año y medio de gobierno de facto.

Por esos años, se impulsó una política de privatización de las empresas estatales más lucrativas y la liberalización de las importaciones, eliminando restricciones arancelarias y de tipo de cambio. La industria argentina competía así de forma directa con la estadounidense, sin mediación de ningún tipo, poniendo al borde de la quiebra a toda la industria nacional.

Hacia 1982 esta orientación había significado una verdadera catástrofe y Cavallo dispuso, con la venia de sus buenos amigos de Washington, el salvataje de los grandes capitalistas al borde de la quiebra. El Estado prestó, luego de un nuevo endeudamiento externo con nuevos intereses, los montos necesarios para evitar el derrumbe de varias grandes empresas. Como todo préstamo, venía formalmente con intereses, pero como los mismos estuvieron por debajo de la inflación y las devaluaciones, de hecho significaron una burda estatización de las deudas privadas. El Grupo Macri, con excelentes relaciones con Cavallo, fue uno de los beneficiados de tan sabia política liberal. Así, la deuda externa argentina pasó de los 7 mil millones de dólares en 1976 a la escalofriante cifra de más de 40 mil millones en 1982, apenas un poco menos del 600% más.

Durante todos los 80, esta hipoteca de un país entero encadenó la política económica de la reconstituida democracia. Hacia el fin del alfonsinismo, el Secretario del Tesoro de los Estados Unidos, Brady, consideró que no estaba mal darles alguna ayuda a sus países satélite y decidió canjear las deudas de varios de ellos por los “bonos Brady”. Eso significó pagar la deuda con nuevas deudas y nuevos intereses. La buena disposición de un banquero siempre tiene ese aroma a caridad cristiana.

No habría que perder nunca de vista estos hechos cada vez que escuchemos la frase “las deudas hay que pagarlas”, regla moral perfectamente aplicable al común de los mortales, jamás para un empresario de la riqueza de los Macri, quien diga lo contrario no es más que un envidioso.

Para 1989, la cadena de las deudas y los números de la economía en rojo nos trajo de regalo una inflación anual fue de más del 3000%. Y el FMI se ofreció nuevamente a darnos su caritativa mano llevando al Ministerio de Economía al viejo y conocido Domingo Cavallo junto al presidente Carlos Saúl Menem. No está del todo claro quién designó a quién.

El Plan de Convertibilidad fue el engendro de este equipo. Sin detenernos en detalles técnicos, simplemente habrá que recordar que los 90 fueron los 90, con la desocupación de masas, el empobrecimiento generalizado de las masas trabajadores, las reformas laborales de súper-explotación, las privatizaciones y un festival de más y más deuda. Apenas se vivió una breve etapa de estabilización que parecía hacer del “menemato” y su neoliberalismo algo muy duradero.

Para el año 2000, el FMI lisa y llanamente supervisaba de forma directa las cuentas del Estado y envió un “blindaje” de 40 mil millones de dólares al gobierno para evitar la explosión que se cernía sobre la cabeza del país. Todos sabemos cómo terminó eso, con el punto final de la convertibilidad y De la Rúa en el 2001.

Una de las más coreadas consignas de la rebelión popular fue que había que echar al FMI de la Argentina para siempre. Con la devaluación del peso y el 3 a 1, sumado al auge de las commodities, el kirchnerismo pudo sostener una situación de crecimiento que le permitió calmar las gigantescas olas del Argentinazo entregando algunas concesiones a las masas. Pero su política inocultablemente capitalista tuvo por orientación destinar los millones y millones de dólares que entraban al país por exportación de soja en pagarle al FMI en vez de transformar las bases estructurales de la Argentina. Era cuestión de tiempo que los problemas estallaran nuevamente.

No obstante, Dujovne nos dijo que “nosotros aprendimos y el FMI también aprendió”. Digamos al pasar que no deja de ser curioso que diga “aprendimos”, haciendo referencia a quienes fueron responsables de los acuerdos con el FMI en los 90 en primera persona del plural. Esto más allá de la evidente forma en que toma por imbéciles a todos aquellos que se dignan a prestarle atención a lo que dice, como si las políticas de ajuste, precarización de las condiciones de trabajo, endeudamiento brutal y desmedido, despidos en masa y privatizaciones fueran producto de un error, de una suerte de malentendido. Realmente deben creer que todo aquel que tenga un patrimonio menor al millón de dólares es un potencial miembro de su tropilla de monos amaestrados portadores de globos de colores.

Pues bien, si el FMI aprendió cosas nuevas, se trata de algo verdaderamente reciente, pues no hay rastro en Grecia de una orientación muy diferente a la de la Argentina del 2001. Luego de tres programas de “rescate”, las políticas de ajuste han llevado a Grecia al fondo del abismo, al borde del cual estamos también: de nuevo, recortes salariales, privatizaciones, ajuste y un largo, oscuro y desastroso etcétera. 25% de desocupación (51% entre los jóvenes), 45% de jubilados pobres, 40% de niños bajo el umbral de pobreza, 10% viviendo con “inseguridad alimentaria” (forma elegante de decir “hambreados”); tales son los negros números de cómo ha aprendido el FMI a tratar a los países en crisis.

La imagen que nos quiso vender el macrismo es absolutamente ridícula: el FMI es un acreedor y, como Shylock, vendrá a exigir su “libra de carne”.

El jubilado griego Dimitris Christoulas decidió quitarse la vida frente al parlamento heleno como forma de protesta. Para concluir estas líneas, hacemos propias sus palabras en la nota que se le encontró en su bolsillo:

El Gobierno… ha aniquilado toda posibilidad de supervivencia para mí, que se basaba en una pensión muy digna que yo había pagado por mi cuenta sin ninguna ayuda del Estado durante 35 años. Y dado que mi avanzada edad no me permite reaccionar de otra forma (aunque si un compatriota griego cogiera un kalashnikov, yo lo apoyaría) no veo otra solución que poner fin a mi vida de esta forma digna para no tener que terminar hurgando en la basura para poder subsistir. Creo que los jóvenes sin futuro cogerán algún día las armas y colgarán boca abajo a los traidores de este país en la plaza Syntagma, como los italianos hicieron con Mussolini en 1945 en la Piazza Poreto de Milán.

Dimitris Christoulas, 4 de abril de 2012

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